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DUBLIN, Va. — Volvo Trucks North America is laboring diligently to persuade federal and state regulators to ramp up standards on greenhouse-gas emissions in an orderly fashion so as not to scare off fleets from buying more fuel-efficient trucks that will be produced to comply with the Phase 2 rule expected later this year.

Federal regulators are intent on publishing the final version of Phase 2 of greenhouse-gas regulations for trucks by August, but recent comments on the proposal show an abundance of disagreement by truck and engine makers, industry and environmental advocates and manufacturers of glider kits.

Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan signed a bill April 5 that aims to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by 40% by 2030 compared with the state’s GHG output in 2006.

COLUMBUS, Ind. — Regulation of greenhouse-gas emissions could increase the cost of a tractor-trailer combination by almost $14,250 through 2027, participants said at an ACT Research Co. seminar here, cautioning the regulation also could cause a pre-buy cycle of trucks similar to a decade ago.

NASHVILLE, Tenn. — Executives with North America’s two largest truck-trailer makers said they expect to meet Phase 2 federal greenhouse-gas regulations to be issued this year, even though parts of the proposal are ill-considered.

With the comment period now closed on the federal greenhouse-gas proposal to limit emissions from trucks, battle lines are drawn between vehicle owners and manufacturers who want fuel-efficient and well-tested trucks and environmental activists seeking the toughest standards as soon as possible.

The sweeping federal proposal to cut greenhouse-gas emissions and raise fuel efficiency for medium- and heavy-duty trucks over the next decade prompted qualified support, an outcry over poor air quality and calls for zero-emissions technologies at a public hearing Aug. 18 in Long Beach, California.

A report on the proposed Phase 2 greenhouse-gas rules found 87% of medium- and heavy-duty fleet operators surveyed earlier supported increased fuel efficiency and fewer emissions because the changes would also reduce what typically is trucking’s second-biggest expense, fuel.